Abordaje mínimamente invasivo para hernias de disco extraforaminales: indicaciones, consideraciones quirúrgicas y resultados clínicos / Minimally Invasive Approach for Extraforaminal Herniated Discs: Indications, Surgical Considerations, and Clinical Outcomes

Introducción: Las hernias de disco extraforaminales representan entre el 0.3% y el 11.3% del total de las hernias de disco lumbares. Existen múltiples procedimientos quirúrgicos para el tratamiento de las mismas. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es presentar una serie de 5 casos de hernia de disco extraforaminal tratados mediante abordaje tubular mínimamente invasivo, describir la técnica quirúrgica utilizada y analizar la literatura pertinente. Pacientes y método: Cinco pacientes sin respuesta al tratamiento conservador con diagnóstico de hernia de disco extraforaminal, fueron sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico mediante técnica tubular mínimamente invasiva durante el período de enero 2018-febrero 2019. Se analizaron datos demográficos e intraoperatorios. Los resultados clínicos fueron evaluados mediante la Escala Visual Analógica pre y postquirúrgico (EVA). Resultados: Cinco pacientes presentaron déficit neurológico y dolor lumbar que requirieron resolución quirúrgica. Todos los pacientes fueron dados de alta dentro de las 24 hs. postoperatorias. La escala de dolor disminuyó de forma estadísticamente significativa entre el momento pre y post quirúrgico (p=0.038). No se registraron fístulas ni infecciones. Conclusión: El abordaje tubular mínimamente invasivo fue una técnica efectiva para el tratamiento de hernias extraforaminales

ntroduction: Extraforaminal disc herniations represents 0.3-11.3% of every herniated lumbar discs. A variety of surgical procedures may be used for the treatment of this pathology. Objective: The aim of this study is to present 5 cases of extraforaminal herniated discs treated via a minimally invasive spine surgery using tubular retractors, to describe the surgical technique and to analyze the literature on this subject. Pacients and method: 5 patients who did not get better with conservative treatment were operated using minimally invasive tubular retractors between January 2018 and February 2019. Demographic variables and intraoperative data were analyzed. Clinical outcomes was evaluated using the Analog Visual Scale (VAS). Results: Five patients who presented neurological deficit and low back pain were operated. Every patients was discharged before 24 hours postoperative. VAS significantly decrease comparing pre and postoperative (p=0.038). No cerebrospinal fluid leaks or infections were recorded. Conclusion: The use of minimally invasive tubular retractors is an effective technique for treating extraforaminal herniated discs.

Sarcoma granulocítico del sistema nervioso central: reporte de 2 casos y revisión de la literatura / Central nervous system granulocytic sarcoma: Report of 2 cases and review of the literatura

Los sarcomas granulocíticos son neoplasias sólidas compuestas de células mieloides inmaduras, de localización extramedular, asociadas a síndromes mieloproliferativos. La afectación del sistema nervioso central es muy infrecuente y puede desarrollarse tras un periodo de remisión completa, coexistir con o preceder a la enfermedad sistémica, siendo esta el elemento fundamental que orienta el diagnóstico radiológico y marca el pronóstico. En este trabajo, presentamos 2 casos de sarcoma granulocítico intracraneal, verificados desde el punto de vista patológico tras ser tratados mediante cirugía, y discutimos sus características clínicas, diagnósticas, terapéuticas y pronósticas tras realizar una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura científica destacada publicada hasta la fecha

Granulocytic sarcomas are solid, extramedullary-located neoplasms composed of immature myeloid cells, associated with myeloproliferative syndromes. Central nervous system involvement is very rare and may develop either after complete remission, coexist with or precede the systemic disease, being the last one that guides the radiological diagnosis and marks the prognosis. In this work, we report 2 pathologically-verified cases of intracranial granulocytic sarcoma treated by surgical means. Their clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic features are discussed in the light of the most relevant scientific literature published to date

Central nervous system granulocytic sarcoma: Report of 2 cases and review of the literature. / Sarcoma granulocítico del sistema nervioso central: reporte de 2 casos y revisión de la literatura.

Granulocytic sarcomas are solid, extramedullary-located neoplasms composed of immature myeloid cells, associated with myeloproliferative syndromes. Central nervous system involvement is very rare and may develop either after complete remission, coexist with or precede the systemic disease, being the last one that guides the radiological diagnosis and marks the prognosis. In this work, we report 2 pathologically-verified cases of intracranial granulocytic sarcoma treated by surgical means. Their clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic features are discussed in the light of the most relevant scientific literature published to date.

Hemorragia cerebelosa remota después de cirugía de columna lumbar: reporte de caso / Remote cerebellar hemorrhage after lumbar spine surgery: case report

Introducción: La hemorragia cerebelosa remota (RCH, por sus siglas en inglés) después de la cirugía de la columna vertebral es una complicación poco frecuente y se cree que es debida a una pérdida de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) a través de un desgarro dural. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es describir un caso de RCH después de una cirugía de columna lumbar, discutir sus posibles mecanismos y revisar la literatura. Material y métodos: Una mujer de 17 años sufrió una caída de altura, presentando luxofractura lumbar sin déficit neurológico. Se realizó descompresión y artrodesis instrumentada. Durante la cirugía se observó un desgarro dural y fuga de líquido cefalorraquídeo. La duramadre desgarrada fue suturada y se dejó un drenaje espinal continuo. Al tercer día postoperatorio evolucionó con disartria y cefalea. La TC de cerebro evidenció una RCH. Resultados: Se retiró el drenaje espinal y la RCH fue tratada de forma conservadora. La paciente fue dada de alta a las 3 semanas sin compromiso neurológico. Conclusión: Aunque la RCH es un evento extremadamente raro, debe tenerse en cuenta como una posible complicación de la cirugía de la columna vertebral, especialmente en operaciones complicadas por desgarros durales.

Introduction: Remote cerebellar hemorrhage (RCH) after lumbar spine surgery is a rare complication and can happen as a result of a cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) leak during surgery. Objective: To describe a case of RCH, discuss the physiopathology and make a review of the literature. Material and methods: A 17 year-old woman presented with a lumbar fracture-dislocation with no neurological déficit after falling from height. A surgical decompression and fusion was performed. During surgery, a dural tear with CSF leakage was found. The tear was sutured and a lumbar drain was placed. 3 days after surgery, the patient presented headaches and dysarthria. Results: The lumbar drain was removed and the RCH was treated conservatively. Patient was discharged 3 weeks after, with no neurological déficit. Conclusion: Although RCH is an extremely rare complication, it should be suspected as a possible complication of spine surgery, specially in surgeries with dural tears.

Neurenteric Cyst of the Ventral Craniocervical Junction: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Neurenteric cysts (NCs) are rare, non-neoplastic lesions arising from a failure of dissolution of the transient neurenteric canal between the foregut and the notochord. They are most frequently seen in the intradural extramedullary space in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spine. The authors describe a rare case of NC arising from the ventral cervicomedullary junction that was totally resected via a posterior approach. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 24-year-old woman presented with a 4-week history of neck pain and progressive left hemiparesis. Admission magnetic resonance imaging scans demonstrated an intradural extramedullary cystic mass lesion ventral to the upper spinal cord from medulla to C2. We performed a posterior approach and the lesion was totally removed. Surgical treatment resulted in resolution of the neurologic impairments. The histological results were consistent with NC. Postoperative course was uneventful. At the 6-month follow-up, the patient is asymptomatic and magnetic resonance imaging scan shows no residual lesion. CONCLUSIONS: NC is a rare lesion of the craniospinal junction and should be considered among differential diagnoses. Complete excision is the treatment of choice. In most instances a dorsal surgical approach will be satisfactory.

Hematomas subdurales subagudos: ¿solo dos trépanos? / Subacute subdural hematomas: only two drills?

Objetivo: Comparar la evolución postoperatoria de los hematomas subdurales subagudos (HSDSA) y hematomas subdurales crónicos (HSDC) intervenidos con técnica de 2 trépanos, desde junio 2013 a junio 2015. Material y métodos: Se realizó un análisis prospectivo comparando 2 grupos de pacientes: HSDSA y HSDC. Ambos fueron tratados con la misma técnica quirúrgica: dos orificios de trepano, lavado y drenajes subdurales. Se analizaron y compararon: tiempo de cirugía, resolución de los síntomas, necesidad de re-intervención y días de internación. Las variables se presentan como media y DS y mediana y RI, las comparaciones se realizaron con test o Chi2 según su naturaleza, una p <0.05 se considero significativa. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 66 pacientes, 30 HSDSA y 36 HSDC. La edad fue 75 ±11 años (HSDA 76± 11 y HSDC 74 ±12, p 0.5), masculinos 66% (HSDSA 50% y HSDC 85%, p 0.006). El tiempo medio de cirugía para HSDSA fue 59±12 y HSDC 59±17 minutos, p 0.9. Resolvieron la sintomatología en HSDSA 28 (93,3%) y HSDC 34 (94,4%), p 0.8; y requirieron una segunda cirugía por recidiva HSDSA 2 (6,7%) y HSDC 2 (5,6%), p 0.6. La mediana del tiempo de internación fue HSDSA 10 [9- 12] días y HSDC 7,5 [6-10] días, p 0.01. La sobrevida fue del 100%. Conclusiones: La trepanación es una técnica ampliamente aceptada para el tratamiento de HSDC. En hematomas subdurales agudos no existe discusión sobre la necesidad de realizar un abordaje mayor (craneotomía o craniectomía). En el caso de HSDSA la evidencia publicada no es tan concluyente tendiendo en muchos centros a tratarlos en forma similar a los hematomas subdurales agudos generalmente por considerar que la técnica de trepanación y drenaje podría ser insuficiente. Basado en los resultados obtenidos en el presente trabajo podemos concluir que esta técnica es igualmente efectiva para el tratamiento de HSDC y HSDSA y recomendamos su utilización sistemática.

Objective: To compare the postoperative course of subacute subdural hematomas (SSDH) and chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) operated upon using two burr holes from June 2013 to June 2015. Methods: A prospective analysis was performed comparing patients with SSDH versus CSDH. Both were treated with the same surgical technique —two burr holes— followed by lavage and subdural drainage. Variables compared were surgery time, resolution of symptoms, the need for re-intervention, and number of inpatient days. Variables are presented as means with SD, medians and range, with statistical comparisons performed via Pearson χ2 analysis or XXXXXXXX, as appropriate, with p <0.05 considered significant. Results: A total of 66 patients were analyzed, 30 with SSDH and 36 with CSDH. Mean overall age was 75 ± 11 years with no difference between the two groups (76 ± 11 versus 74 ± 12, respectively; p=0.5). Overall, 66% were male, including 50% with SSDH and 85% with CSDH (p = 0.006). The average lengths of surgery were 59 ± 12 versus 59 ± 17 minutes, respectively (p = 0.9). No intergroup differences were noted in the rate of symptom resolution (93.3% versus 94.4%; p = 0.8) or need for a second surgery for disease recurrence (6.7% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.6). The median length of stay was somewhat shorter in SSDH patients (10 [9-12] vs. 7.5 [6-10] days; p = 0.01). Overall survival was 100%. Conclusions: Trepanation is a widely-accepted technique for the treatment of CSDH. For acute subdural hematomas, there is no discussion regarding the need for a more aggressive approach (e.g., craniotomy or craniectomy). For SSDH, however, published evidence is not as conclusive; yet many centers treat such patients similarly to those with acute subdural hematomas, usually in the belief that trepanation and drainage would be insufficient. Based upon the results obtained in our series, we conclude that this technique is equally effective for the treatment of CSDH and SSDH, and recommend its routine use.